Essay on Markstrat Marketing Plan - 1179 Words

1.0 Executive Summary Company U’s primary focus is creating products that create value and fill a need in growing markets – it currently has three products. SUSI is the lower quality offering which focuses on weight and volume, marketed towards Singles and Others who are the most price-sensitive and are projected to have the highest growth rates over the next five years. SULI is the high quality electronic offering, distributed primarily to Professionals and High Earners who are driven by performance and convenience. VUGO is a product that was created for the Followers segment of the Vodite market which is projected to have the largest growth over the next five years at over 3300%. Followers require a high performing product, but at an†¦show more content†¦2.1 Market Summary The Markstrat world has a population of 250 million people. Through Year 4, the Sonite market consisted of 1.67 million people with an expected growth rate of 53% over the next five years. In order to meet the needs of consumers in the larger growing segments, Company U has developed two products in the Sonite market: SUSI and SULI. SUSI is the lower quality offering, marketed towards Singles and Others who are the most price-sensitive. Others and Singles are projected to have the highest growth rates over the next five years, at 98% and 86% respectively. This is Company U’s target market for SUSI and sales are forecasted to almost double in each segment through Year 10 (Table 1 and Chart 1). SULI is the high quality electronic offering, distributed primarily to Professionals and High Earners who are driven by performance and convenience. Market Share for both Professionals and another market segment, Buffs, are expected to decline through Year 10. The Vodite market c urrently consists of approximately 200,000 people with an expected growth of 200% through Year 10. The Followers segment of the Vodite market is projected to have the largest growth over the next five years at over 3300%. Company U introduced a Vodite, VUGO, in Year 5 to initially target the Early Adopters segment in turn creating a strong foundation to penetrate the Followers segment through Year 10 with predicted long term sales growth of 17%. 2.1.1 Market DemographicsShow MoreRelatedMarketing Plan for Markstrat1631 Words   |  7 Pages* ------------------------------------------------- * ------------------------------------------------- Executive Summary * ------------------------------------------------- As the marketing team for AY, we have developed an effective marketing strategy that has led to our current lead in stock market price and overall revenues. Our current phased strategy of capturing three market segments with three distinct products will extend our market dominance and provide long term stability throughRead MoreProfessor of Business Administration and Professor of Marketing20751 Words   |  84 PagesPARTICIPANT HANDBOOK Jean-Claude Larrà ©chà © The Alfred H. Heineken Chaired Professor of Marketing INSEAD Hubert Gatignon The Claude Janssen Chaired Professor of Business Administration and Professor of Marketing INSEAD Rà ©mi Triolet Partner, Director of RD STRATX Copyright  © StratX 2010-04-19 1 Publisher: StratX Production: Coptech, Inc., Woburn, Massachusetts Marketing Team Americas: Marketing Team EMEAA: Development Team Support Team Paul Ritmo Andrà ©a Hernandez Stà ©phanieRead MoreMarkstrat19634 Words   |  79 PagesAlfred H. Heineken Chaired Professor of Marketing INSEAD Jean-Claude Larrà ©chà © The Claude Janssen Chaired Professor of Business Administration and Professor of Marketing INSEAD Hubert Gatignon Partner, Director of RD STRATX International Rà ©mi Triolet To search this document click CTRL+F i Publisher: STRATX International Production: Minute Man Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts Cover Design: Synergy Network, Waltham, Massachusetts Marketing Manager: Lucy Jacobus DevelopmentRead MoreMarket Attractiveness and Market Potential1820 Words   |  8 Pagessales Si as Si =I*MSi and I = f(P) Where P is the potential market, I is industry sales, MSI is the market share of firm i. The function f is a function of macro economic variables, and industry marketing mix variables. Clearly I or = P. MSI should be a function of marketing mix variables of all the firms. This is a top down approach and often we don’t know how to model f or MSI especially in early stages of the evolution of the market. But once we gain some experience in the industryRead MoreStrategic Marketing Markstrat5131 Words   |  21 PagesSTRATEGIC MARKETING Wednesday 29th, 1997 FIRM O Team Members Silak CHAMNIANWECH Djunyanto THRIYANA Gary WALSH Oming WIRASAKTI EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: Firm O has developed a portfolio of three products in the Sonite market over the course of the Markstrat competition. During the course of the competition, Firm O has lost significant market share and worked hard to rebuild a product portfolio that returns a substantial net contribution and places it in a position

Kant on the Locus of the Moral Worth and Utility - 682 Words

According to Atwell’s argument (13), Kant implied that nothing is good without a limitation except the good will. In an argument, Kant is claimed to admit that there are other good things that exist, yet all of them have limitations. The good things are grouped into three categories; the abilities of the mind, certain qualities of character and incidental gifts. Kant argues that when these good things are coated with evil will they never remain to be good. According to Kant, the goodwill can never be termed to be good because of anything that it accomplishes or its effectiveness to reach a given end. From his point of view, goodwill is not meant for the realization of good results neither does it act as a means of achieving a particular result. The goodwill, therefore, should never depend on any of the external factors for it is good in itself and is regarded for itself. However, Kant admits that the goodwill can only be good if it is willing. According to Kantian Ethics: Good Will, It is Your Duty! Kant’s ethics moral are based on the unconditional command referred to as the Categorical Imperative. Therefore, Kant states that doing something because it creates a positive feeling of doing it does not make the action good. What matters is the attitude that one builds in doing the job. Kant claims that doing something out of goodwill is like an obligation that anyone has to do. Whereby, Kant claims that because doing something should not be for the achievement of a reward butShow MoreRelatedApplication of Ethical Theories12285 Words   |  50 Pagesethics is a specialized branch of ethics focusing on how moral standards apply to business organizations and behavior (Velasques, 1998). As such, it cannot be understood separately from the general ideas of ethics, and the general ethical theories apply to business ethics as well (Hunt Vitell, 1986; Fritzsche Becker, 1984; Schumann, 2001; Lahdesnati, 2005). Normative ethical theory offers different moral theories, each prescribing a set of moral rules that individuals can apply in the process of decidingRead MoreDecision Theory: a Brief Introduction28334 Words   |  114 Pages.......................................................17 3.5 Using preferences in decision-making.........................................19 3.6 Numerical representation .............................................................20 3.7 Using utilities in decision-making ...............................................21 4. The standard representation of individual decisions ................................23 4.1 Alternatives .....................................................................Read MoreAnnotated Bibliography: Plagiarism39529 Words   |  158 Pages Achieving this goal requires that they preserve the integrity and uphold the credibility of scientific research. They universally regard plagiarism as one of the most serious forms of academic dishonesty and misconduct and a serious violation of moral and ethical standards. Yet, some authors, even those with extensive research experien ce from respected academic institutions, continue to commit plagiarism. Some individuals have been guilty of republishing significant portions of their own work withoutRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesperspectives A modernist perspective A neomodernist perspective A new-wave perspective A postmodern perspective A reflective perspective A critical theory and psychoanalytic perspective A managerialist perspective The paradigm debate The practical utility of organization theory Current trends Globalization Institutional and neoinstitutional theory Discourse The aesthetics of organizing One final look at organizational culture Conclusions 432 432 434 434 434 435 436 437 437 438 438 442 446 446 450

ADN and BSN Nurses

Question: Discuss current research that links patient safety outcomes to ADN and BSN nurses. Based on some real-life experiences, do you agree or disagree with this research? Answer: The baccalaureate and graduate nursing program is supported by American association of colleges of nursing (AACN), as BSN nurses responsible for providing good care to patients. Nursing with baccalaureate of nursing (BSN) degree meets a greater demand which is required in todays nursing world. BSN nurses are mastered in critical thinking, leadership, case management and health promotion (American association of colleges of nursing, 2015, The Impact of Education on Nursing Practice). BSN nurses have skills which makes them capable to practice their nursing on various inpatient and outpatient departments. BSN program taught in depth knowledge in treatment of physical and social science, nursing research etc. BSN program makes student a professional nurses who is capable to meet all sort of challenge which comes in nursing practice and enhances their knowledge of quality and safety linked to patient care. The BSN programs broadens the scope of nurse and teach students how to meet cultural, social, economic and political issues that affect patient health (American association of colleges of nursing, 2015, The Impact of Education on Nursing Practice). A study was published in 2014 which state that it has been seen that rate of mortality was decreased to 10% when hospital provide nursing care from BSN nurses and in 2013, the patient treated with BSN nurses shows lower congestive heart failure mortality (American association of colleges of nursing, 2015, Creating a More Highly Qualified Nursing Workforce). BSN nurses are mastered in treating patient not only physically but mentally. One of the live example is that in emergency ward a patient came with heart attack and at that time doctor was not there to attend the patient. The registered nurse with BSN degree take the charge and do all possible primary care which is needed to be done such as take their BP, pulse rate, inject patient with nitro-glycerine and console family and patient. As the doctor came, patient was in stable condition and hand over the charge to doctor for further treatment and this saved life of patient and patient is still thankful to that nurse and nurse is proud of ones BSN degree who made him capable to meet this type of challenge. References: American association of colleges of nursing. 2015. The Impact of Education on Nursing Practice. Retrieved from: https://www.aacn.nche.edu/media-relations/fact-sheets/impact-of-education. American association of colleges of nursing. 2015. Creating a More Highly Qualified Nursing Workforce. Retrieved from: https://www.aacn.nche.edu/media-relations/fact-sheets/nursing-workforce.

Dressing Dogs free essay sample

One day when I was walking down the Stony Point Mall when I saw a good looking lady with a dog that had styled hair, diamond encrusted collar, and a little tee-shirt. I said to the lady, â€Å"Wow your dog sure looks all guzzled up.† â€Å"I know†, she said â€Å"Marshmallow simply loves getting dressed up!† When I looked at Marshmallow, she certainly didn’t look happy. Some people (mainly rich or famous people) think that dressing dogs makes the dogs feel happy. But in reality, it doesnt. What people say is that they dress their dogs because they like it. But what really, what owners feel is that theyre dog is some kind of fashion accessory and no one knows (who does that) they fell that way. If your one of those kind of people, tell me: how would you feel being some fashion accessory? Dressing dogs includes actually dog clothes, fancy collars and leashes, braiding, styled and/or dying hair. We will write a custom essay sample on Dressing Dogs or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page People will also train dogs for competitions or dog shows so they will win more money. They will also do it to look fancy when on the streets or parks. But what if dogs dont want to be to look fancy for his or her owner? What if a dog wants to lick their owners to death? What if they want to play fetch or get someone to rub his belly or wet the floor with excitement. The fact is a breed dog isn’t better looking than a dog from a shelter. But instead everyone would prefer a dog that was bred, or, if the person isnt as rich, get a puppy with no disorders. So thanks to people who prefer cute dogs and dressing them, one more dog in the world is put to sleep. It may not sound harmful but if 10,000 decided the bred or puppy in the pound was better than a regular dog, 10,000 of those dogs die. Another fact is three-four million dogs are enthused every year. But the confusing part is that some dressed-up dogs actually seem to be enjoy being dressed. What happens is if the owner waits too long before actually dressing him or her, he or she will not accept the dressing. If though the dog is dressed at a young age he or she will accept the dressing. This is because a puppy trains himself to love and accept what the owner wants. Although a owner can use force to dress a dog if he or she is too old. So what if you fell guilty for dressing you dog now and you want your dog to love you the right way? Its simple, a dog will still love you like a dictator. All you have to do is spend real quality time with your dog. If you dont own a dog but want one, make sure to try a animal shelter and try to get a dog that needs wants to be your owner even if he has a disorder. Just because a dog is missing a leg doesn’t mean he wont walk up to you. Wow, Harrison. I notice that you have found a topic you are really passionate about it. I think this is going to be a great essay. I wonder, though, if your topic is really bigger than dressing dogs. I think maybe you are writing about the need to look first at unwanted dogs at the animal shelters, rather than going for a dog or puppy from a breeder. I think that the dressing and competition and being a fashion accessory (which is true of some dogs even if they are not dressed up) all comes under this big idea. What do you think? feel free to write me back.

Were the founding fathers blatantly sexist and misogynist in the foundation period of our republic

Introduction There is a lot of apprehension on the vital role of elections and the merits and demerits of the political system and evolution in the United States. We shall see how both factors have intensively changed the way American politics are carried out. Most Americans view equal political opportunities and rights to exercise their democracy as the ideals which America should embrace most.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Were the founding fathers blatantly sexist and misogynist in the foundation period of our republic? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, the same democracy that America seems to be promoting elsewhere continues to be undermined by the same government on American soil (Roskin, et al, 36). In our context, we will try to figure out whether America’s founding fathers were indeed sexists or misogynists in the foundation period. We also look at the new democracy in the United States, federalism, power division, and local government. Democracy in the United States Majority of ordinary American citizens view the United States as a democratic nation simply because of the praise by outsiders about the good state of democracy in the nation. This is not the real case according to analysts in the political affairs of the United States. True democracy in America is felt by those in power and the elite. The common citizen lives without his or her fair share of the privileges (Tausch and Prager, 46). It is evident that American citizens are not treated equally. It raises the question of whether America’s founding fathers actually lay the foundation of this kind. This situation continues to limit the country’s achievement of true liberty and equality among its citizens. It is evident through the generations that the fore fathers indeed influenced greatly in the problems that America is having at the moment (Morris and Bertram, 25).One will realise th at in former generations, numerous activities arose among the different cultures that were undermined. This saw the rise of the likes of Martin Luther King Jr. who died fighting for the rights and justice for all American people. We see from history that women continued to be viewed as inferior and were actually denied some privileges like being in the military in the perception that they could not handle the pressure. This testifies to the fact that the founding fathers were indeed sexists and misogynists in their approaches in building America. It also raises questions on the integrity of the political system of the United States. Establishing a Constitutional Democracy In order to establish a true constitutional democracy in America, every leader has to embark on embracing and exercising the rights that the American Constitution offers by making sure that every citizen enjoys every privilege that he or she is entitled to.Advertising Looking for research paper on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Federalism: Division of Power National, State, and Local Government Federalism in the United States has continued to evolve since the end of the American civil war. There has been a shift of power with the national government getting more power while certain states remain with less. American Political Culture Americans are so endeared to the perception that the country has the best in terms of democracy. The culture is built on ideals that are either constitutional or instilled by cultural principles and ethics. This culture has continued to show weaknesses in various areas as Americans continue to experience differences in incomes, wealth, and access to equal opportunities. Every American has a responsibility in shaping the country towards equality. Works Cited Morris, P, and Bertram, J.  The New American Democracy, New York: Pearson Education Limited, 2005.Print Roskin, M, et al. Political Scienc e: An Introduction. 10th ed, New York: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2007.Print. Tausch, A, and Prager, F. Towards a Socio-Liberal Theory of World Development, Basingstoke, MacMillan, New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1993.Print This research paper on Were the founding fathers blatantly sexist and misogynist in the foundation period of our republic? was written and submitted by user Zayden Rivera to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Subjective Nature of Management Literature Review

The Subjective Nature of Management Literature Review Introduction Management practice is often assumed to be the execution of pre-set and pre-determined action plans which fall into place smoothly during actualisation. Managers are probably looked at as a group of professionals whose roles and responsibilities only mean turning strategies into reality.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Subjective Nature of Management: Literature Review specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Their work seems cut-out and only awaiting simple procedural implementation by those with the right technical know-how. However, in real life scenario, managers actually face more challenging tasks than simply executing what is written on paper. Organisations undergo a lot of challenges and obstacles, all of which seems to be conspiring to rebuff the attainment of such pre-set goals and objectives. This paper analyses in detail the subjective nature of management and explains how flexible the management role should be if any tangible results have to be attained. Role Transitions in Management Any managerial role or duty undergoes a transition or change because of numerous reasons. The transition cycle of a manager can be thus summarised into 4 easy phases: Preparation All managers must have prior preparations about their anticipations and targeted goals and objectives. This process involves extensive and comprehensive planning where a manager lays out a number of alternative strategies to aid him in execution. The alternative strategies come about as a result of anticipated problems which may affect the entire running of the organisation. The future is shrouded in a lot of uncertain situations and conditions and therefore managers must give room during their planning in order to accommodate such uncertain scenarios (Atkinson, 1984). Encounter During this phase, managers are emotionally concerned about the task or challenge that lies ahead. Practically, managers at this phase engag e in a lot of sense making activities in order to try and shape up and align the psychological state of their workers.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The understanding is that there are possibilities of encountering person-job misfit due to various reasons. It is not so obvious that a perfect match will be realised at 100 percent. There could be some individual shortcomings at the individual level which could limit their effectiveness and overall performance (Barley, 1989). Adjustment This phase directly builds from phase 2 which is encountering. The manager, after realising and noting misfits in his team, must make arrangements to correct the mistakes. Thus, adjustments will be done accordingly which will involve development of roles that perfectly matches personal capabilities such that any possibilities of misfit are addressed. The occurrence of an unanticipate d business situation must be addressed through a perfect readjustment of strategy because the company has to find a way out of the situation. Strategy readjustment is a very crucial stage because it could either make or break the organisation. If the adjustments are done in a perfect manner and in good time, the organisation will be able continue with operations without too much effect. However, delays in implementing readjustments may turn out to be costly to the firm even if the strategy itself is the best. Stabilisation The manager assumes that finally, the transition will attain stability where there is a perfect person-role fit. However, in actual sense, stabilisation is never permanent. It is a temporary state which managers should never sit back and enjoy. This is attributable to the fact that management is dynamic and is actually dictated with a lot of forces, some of which are external and the company has little control over. Therefore, as soon as things begin appearing sta bilised, the management should quickly think of restarting the entire process again because this is an endless life cycle. A stable condition, although is good and most preferred, must be constantly be observed to ensure deviations are not encountered. Transition challenges The transition process may not be an easy smooth ride for the manager as it may appear on paper. In some instances, the manager will face counter actions from the workers who do not approve or agree with the entire process. In some other instances, the transition could be taken positively which will ultimately result in a positive gain for both the worker and the organisation.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Subjective Nature of Management: Literature Review specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A worker who positively accepts the transition will often develop expectations that are positive and helpful. He will be more confident in coping with the expectations and enjoy in sense-making. Additionally, such a worker will target developing relations within the organisation through sustained trust, commitment, as well as effectiveness with tasks (Bauer Morrison Callister, 1998). On the other hand, workers who regard transition in bad light will often be fearful and express a lot of reluctance and lack of preparedness. During the encounter phase of the transition, managers will have a problem because such workers will always tend to be shocked. They feel dejected, and full of regrets. Trying to adjust such workers would only turn out to be disastrous as they will never fit in any role, they will generally be degraded and grieving. The imminent result of this scenario is failure to attain objectives as the worker may never reach the stabilisation stage (Coupland, 2002). Transition cycles and their implications The general understanding that success breeds success should be what governs managers in their roles to steer the organis ation towards objectives and roles. Individuals in organisations are more likely faced with the possibility of being ‘locked in’ in their own assumptions of transition cycles. It is, however, possible to break this pattern following the intervention of numerous factors. Managers who themselves suffered from a terrible career mistake could occasion a very difficult work role transitions. For instance, the preparation stage of a transition cycle is meant to be a time to develop anticipation through modelling expectations, feelings, and motives. However, erroneous expectations will cause a highly negative mismatch thus resulting into an encounter phase that will be more consistent with a transition cycle that is only but negative (Jones, 1986). The switch from either transition could occur at any particular stage although it is more likely that it be witnessed during the encounter stage. Thus, managers need to ask themselves whether they really understand whatever they are pursuing and whether the strategy they are planning to employ is the best suited.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Mistakes in management and decision making put the entire organisation at a very precarious position as it could mean loss of resources and time. Misapprehension right at the planning and preparation phase makes it difficult for the encounter stage to have any positive (Agyris Schon, 1978). Forming expectations Rousseau (2001) opines that workers in possession of high experiences in their roles and duties will most often have schemas that are more developed. Comparatively, experienced workers readily understand why they are working in a given organisation than fresh graduates from school. The latter care more about what it means for them to be employed in the organisation. Managers, on the other hand, determine a number of experiences which they consider as basic in helping with their decision making. These experiences build up right from childhood through to the time of making that actual decision. Managers who undertook responsibilities in their childhood, such as watching over s iblings, are more likely to draw their decisions from as far as such escapades. Influences to the manager in his or her early childhood life from role models, like teachers, also bear a lot of influence to their decision making process (Berger Luckmann, 1967). These experiences model the development of role schemas and self-schemas in managers. It is possible, therefore, that discernible experiences to the manager could be part of his decision making process. Decisions may also be affected by such variables as age, gender, and social class among many others (Hill, 2000). The proposals of these differences are not as a result of ‘individual difference’, such as traits or styles. Instead, their formation is based on commonality of experience which may result in individuals depicting similar schemas. A manager who has changed jobs has already undergone several transitions in terms of his occupation as well as in terms of organisational structure. Individuals who began wor k, changed organisations, got promoted, and studied for professional qualifications, for instance, can be grouped as experienced newcomers. Managers are poised to have high and elaborate schemata in as far as matters concerning their identity as professionals, as well as their roles are concerned. This will have a bearing on whatever work-role transition they undergo. Newcomers, on their part, will have their biographies and other past experiences influencing their initial experiences. It is of significant importance for both managers and organisations to give this issue a deeper thought. A new manager who has just joined the organisation may have different existing role schemas to those held by the workers in the organisation. Such a scenario is more likely to occur in cross-cultural management, where a manager from a different country may be posted to another country. Overly, representing the schemas’ content such that a mutual understanding of the organisation or individua l is realised could be a difficult thing (Mankiw, 1998). Issues for consideration by mangers during expectation A managerial role performance is inextricably connected with knowledge or understanding of how the organisation is set. Managers must understand the operations of an organisation for it to be able to attain desired results and objectives. Thus, managers should be fairly sophisticated in their field and also understand what the organisation’s construct and way of operation is. However, it is also thought that managers could be most useful at such a time of unfamiliarity. This is because they will look at the organisation and its existing workers in a different way. It thus makes it easier for them to question practices and operations that exist and change them for the getter (Louis, 1980). For managers, role expectation is a particularly challenging area because of the complexities that are involved. Organisations sometimes hire managers for the simple reason that th eir recruitment is against the grain of what exists in terms of individuals and organisational culture. The reason behind such hiring of new managers is to bring change I the organisation. It is important to point out, however, that such appointments often set the manager to a very complex work-role transition. It is common knowledge that all organisations would wish to have workers who will comfortably fit into the organisational structure. The presence of an ill-fitting individual, nonetheless, is done deliberately so that the individuals could encounter a tinge of discomfort. Encountering reality All organisations encounter a clash between their anticipations with what the real life situation offers. Such deviations are what enable managers to become aware of the real organisation environment. In other words, schemas will often be changed in such a way that they match the environment more accurately. Managers will find themselves in very unfamiliar position whenever their plans f ail to match the expectations. They are expected, in such a scenario, to get the organisation around the unfavourable condition or obstacle. Managing through such an unfavourable condition would call for introduction of drastic measures which are very different from the original ones that were being pursued by the organisation. The manager, therefore, has to spend time studying the unfavourable condition and determine what counter strategies could be more appropriate. This crisis planning is done within very limited time constraints as continued delay could further hurt the organisation’s prospects. A manager, therefore, has to revisit the transition cycle and rearrange it such that it would be possible for the results to reflect positively on the organisation. Planning should identify new aims and objectives that are different from the ones that existed before the uncertain condition occurred. Roles of the workers must also be swiftly rearranged depending on their individual strengths, experience, and capabilities. Workers must accurately be selected for their specific roles because the organisation has little time to gauge their performances. Although general theories about management could still be applied to help solve out the matter, the scenario becomes more subjective and requires that action be taken depending on what the challenge is like (Watson, 2001). Management knowledge and changing scenarios Management perspectives that were postulated by early scholars, including Marslow and Lewin, were never linearly related but rather recursive in nature. In other words, knowledge of management moves in different directions, allowing managers time and freedom to manipulate changes that could result in better performance. Management knowledge in itself is an epistemological chain of facts and thought. In pursuing the organisation’s goals and objectives, managers are free to use or even create tools that they deem relevant in the performance of th eir roles. They do this through transforming the complex epistemological theories that were postulated by early scholars, instead turning them into ontological heuristic that are more simplified (Rousseau, 1995). Paradoxically, the artifactual heuristics become atheoretical, where they are removed from the original theories that formulated them and applied by the managers. Managers must be able to derive independent constructs of a particular theory and employ its direct knowledge in order to enable him make proper judgement as pertains a realistic situation in his managerial duties. The key source of a manager’s next course of action when faced with a complex situation is a past experience. The selection process is also a key source of expectation which the manager relies on. The external forces upon which the organisation acts are continuous and managers should never sit back without thinking about how to react in case an unfavourable condition occurred. Currently, the glob al economic crisis continues to ravage economies across the world without basing on specific countries. The world economy is closely knitted and therefore whatever happens in one corner of the world is more likely to affect other areas either directly or indirectly. This realisation eliminates the need to focus on rigid frameworks because the organisation has to flexibly react on environmental changes. Some of the reactionary measures that managers undertake to mitigate the effects of the unsavoury situation includes laying workers off and cutting down on expenditure costs. These drastic measures means the organisation may not be within means of actualising the original objective or target of the organisation. However, it settles for a fallback objective that may overly not leave the organisation injured. When managers make drastic changes to the organisational goals and targets, their decision is mainly influenced by the firm’s profitability. Such expenditures as on workersà ¢â‚¬â„¢ salaries and other additional operations costs such as power and water bills are often targeted in ensuring that unnecessary spending is completely done away with. In dealing with the ongoing global economic crisis, some multinational firms have decided to close down their subsidiaries which are located in hard hit areas. Some other companies have shut down operations in their numerous divisions which seem to have low profitability levels while maintaining operations in divisions that are comparatively profitable enough (Chell, 1998). Career transition in management Expectations by managers transform over time as they gain experience in their performance. Managerial roles are intricate and the extensive work experience makes managers to have more elaborated schemas. The manager’s role, nonetheless, is shaped up by the numerous environmental mixes which, together, influence the activity and operations of organisation (Allen Meyer, 1990). Conclusion Organisations often identify their goals, aims, and objectives in advance before employing strategies that would enable the attainment of these set targets. Managers are charged with the responsibility of ensuring the organisation moves towards attaining these goals. Their knowledge and expertise is particularly very important in ensuring the organisation stays within course as it focuses on the goal. However, the environment within which organisations operate is not certain and a lot of factors affect the smooth running of the organisations thus making their initial targets unachievable. Managers are forced to readjust their actions in order to ensure that the targets could be achievable. One of the tools that managers use to try and realign the organisation is the transition cycle. This cycle enables managers to put plans across that the also anticipate changes along the way. Once the manager has planned, there needs to be an emotional and sense making process whose objective is to ensure all worker s within the organisation are perfectly arranged to perform roles. Where a mismatch may occur for one reason or the other, the manager needs to readjust his strategy so that it may fit within the objectives. Readjustment leads to stabilisation where the organisation maintains its performance within the parameters of the objective determine. This cycle is continuous and should never stop at any stage even if it appears as though the organisation is stable. List of References Agyris, C Schon, DA 1978, Organizational learning: A theory of action perspective, Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. Allen, NJ Meyer, JP 1990, ‘Organizational socialization tactics: A longitudinal analysis of links to newcomers’ commitment and role orientation’, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 33, pp. 847-858. Atkinson, J 1984. ‘Managing strategies for flexible organizations’, Personnel Management, Vol. 16 No. 8, pp. 28-31. Barley, SR 1989, â€Å"Careers, Identities and Institut ions: The legacy of the Chicago School of Sociology†, In M.B. Arthur, D.T. Hall B.S. Lawrence (Eds), Handbook of career theory, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Bauer, TN Morrison, EW, Callister, RR, 1998, ‘Organizational socialisation: A review and directions for future research’, Research in Personnel and Human Resource Management, Vol. 16, pp. 149-214. Berger, PL Luckmann, T, 1967, The social construction of reality, London: Penguin. Chell, E 1998, â€Å"Critical incident technique,† In Symon, G. and Cassell, C. (eds), Qualitative methods in organizational analysis and research: a practical guide, Penguin, London Coupland, C 2002, ‘Graduate trainees’ career narrative: fractured or flexible?’ Proceedings of the British Psychological Society Occupational Psychology Conference. Hill, RC 2000, ‘The case of the missing organizations: Co-operatives and the textbooks’, Journal of Economic Education, Vol. 31 No.3, pp. 28 1-296. Jones, GR 1986, ‘Socialisation tactics, self-efficacy, and newcomers’ adjustment to organizations’, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 29, pp. 262-279. Louis, MR 1980, ‘Surprise and sense making: What newcomers experience in entering unfamiliar organizational settings’, Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 25, pp. 226-251. Mankiw, NG 1998, ‘Rethinking economic principles: Critical essays on introductory textbooks’, Eastern Economic Journal, Vol. 24 No.1, pp. 117-120. Rousseau, DM 1995, Psychological contracts in organizations: understanding written and unwritten agreements, Sage, Newbury Park, CA Rousseau, DM 2001, ‘Schema, promise and mutuality: The building blocks of the psychological contract’, Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, Vol. 74 No.4, pp. 511-542. Watson, TJ 2001, ‘The emergent manager and processes of management pre-learning’, Management Learning, Vol. 32 No.2, pp. 221-2 35

American History Since 1865 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

American History Since 1865 - Essay Example It was partly successful in doing so for some years but the future events showed that the treaty was a complete failure. The harsh terms of the treaty instilled a desire for revenge in the hearts of Germans and promoted the rise of Nazism which ultimately led to the Second World War. 2. The primary issues of the Scope Trial were education and science v. religion. What were the broader social implications? What did this trial reveal about the American public at the time? How are these issues relevant today? The Scopes trial primarily represented a conflict between science and religion, but it had broader social implications. It triggered a debate on social issues like liberalism, freedom of speech and censorship. The fact that Dayton received massive support across the country even after he was convicted guilty was a clear indication that the American public favored freedom. People favored modernism and liberalism and the freedom of choice over conservative ideology. Regarding any con troversial topic, the general public was of the opinion it should only be a matter of personal choice about what is right. The Scopes trial took place years ago but the issue is still fresh in the present era. The public still debates on the issue of freedom over topics like abortion, gay marriages and sex education in schools. Works Cited Bailey, Thomas, Lizabeth Cohen and David M Kennedy. The American Pageant- Vol. II.