Cluster headache case study pathophysioloy class

Cluster headache pathophysioloy class - Case Study Example Individuals who suffer from this type of headache experience recurrent severe, one-sided (unilateral) headache pain. These attacks occur at intervals with spontaneous remissions that stop the continuous progress of pain though a smaller percentage of individuals do not experience this interrupt. Cluster headaches are mostly incurable, but prevention can be put in place. Acute attacks can be treated through giving the patient plenty supply of oxygen or triptan which is fast acting. Verapamil uses a prevention mechanism has been widely acceptable and is commonly used as a prophylactic therapy. The use of verapamil sometimes calls for use of steroids before it starts to take effect (Friedman BW, 2009). Cluster headache proportionally affects a 0.2% of the general population with men being affected most. The ratio of men to women who suffer from cluster headache ranges from 2.5:1 to 3.5:1. P.T has a three years history of cluster headache, and he is 35 years of age. He has gone to a neurological clinic for follow-up and revealed that he experienced any headache for a period of one year until they started six weeks ago. He has been involved in a divorce and also lost her mother who succumbed to cancer recently. He shifted to a new job a few weeks ago. He states that his headaches starts from nowhere and reaches its highest level of pain within 10 minutes. An intense and extreme headache pain is experienced, and it is unilateral only affecting one side of the head typically above the eye. The pain runs from above the eye to the temple and reaches the left cheek. During a headache, the eye starts to water profusely and also a runny nose is on the go. The headaches have been episodic, lasting for approximately two and a half hours and occurring between 9am to 9pm daily during the last five days. Drugs such as ibuprofen nor acetaminophen have been ineffective in relieving pain during headaches. There are no photophobic instances associated

Community Policing Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Community Policing - Research Paper Example COP creates unity between communities and officers but is not practical in lower economies where citizens focus on working to attain sustainability. POP focuses on problems that may recur and has the limitation of requiring technical knowledge for proper implementation. Crimes such as home burglaries, substance abuse and prostitution have been eradicated using both POP and COP. POP and COP entail officers working with the community to prevent evil. However, POP focuses on problems and how they can be solved after careful scanning, analysis, and assessments. Everyone in the community is involved in problem solving when COP is under implementation. Police departments encounter such challenges as inadequate resources, conservatism and lack of technical knowledge in implementing POP and COP. Definition, description, strengths and weaknesses of COP According to Palmiotto (2011), community-oriented policing is a philosophy that combines traditional aspects of law enforcement with deterrenc e measures, problem resolution, community engagement and partnerships. It seeks to unite the police and the public thus facilitates the identification of criminal issues and solutions. In this arrangement, police officers discover determinants of crime and disorder consequently solving problems in their communities. The strengths are evident when officers design a network of personal contacts by foot, bike, or horse patrol in and out of their departments. This supports the crime prevention efforts and teaches residents how to help themselves by reporting crime in the neighborhood. Citizens engage in regular patrols and awareness programs to achieve the goals of prevention. Community-oriented policing has the following weaknesses. Indeed, low-income communities are not able to achieve because adults work multiple jobs at odd hours. It is also challenging neighbors to know and care about each other comfortably (Palmiotto, 2011). Definition, description, strengths and weaknesses of POP According to Goldstein (2011), POP is a policing strategy that includes classification and scrutiny of precise crime and disorder activities to design effective response strategies accompanied by ongoing assessment. Emphasis is on research to prevent the re-occurring of crimes and involvement of public and private groups that are qualified to solve problems. POP Scanning-identification of problems, Analysis-asking questions to understand the problem, Response-after careful analysis; designing a suitable response, Assessment evaluating the problem and establish a suitable solution. The strengths of POP incorporate gaining popularity among police administrators and city officials because it is practical, winning public favor which results to job securities for administrators and elected officials. There is also increased communication with the public who influence police activities. POP enables officers to link with public and private agencies to help communities. Weaknesses of POP a re conflicts that arise when officers feel subordinated and get afraid of losing their jobs since they feel that other professionals involved in policing might replace them in service delivery. Furthermore, controversies between priorities of the community and what officers feel is important to them. This is because people feel that it is not their duty to prevent crime. There is also lack of expert knowledge to employ technical mechanisms involved in